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Frases de ejemplo
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cuestionar
to question / to call into question
📌 Nota gramatical
Regular -ar verb. Followed by a direct object when challenging ideas or authority.
Ejemplo
Es fundamental cuestionar las normas sociales establecidas para lograr un verdadero progreso moral.
It is essential to question established social norms in order to achieve true moral progress.
reflexionar
to reflect / to ponder
📌 Nota gramatical
Regular -ar verb. Frequently used with the preposition 'sobre' (sobre la vida, sobre el bien).
Ejemplo
Debemos reflexionar profundamente sobre las consecuencias éticas de nuestros actos cotidianos.
We must reflect deeply on the ethical consequences of our daily actions.
justificar
to justify
📌 Nota gramatical
Regular -ar verb with orthographic spelling change in the preterite: c -> qu before 'é' (justifiqué).
Ejemplo
El fin no siempre justifica los medios en una sociedad regida por principios morales.
The end does not always justify the means in a society governed by moral principles.
argumentar
to argue / to reason
📌 Nota gramatical
Regular -ar verb. Used to present logical reasons or philosophical viewpoints.
Ejemplo
El ponente supo argumentar con solidez por qué la empatía es la base de la ética.
The speaker managed to argue solidly why empathy is the basis of ethics.
asumir
to assume / to take on (responsibility)
📌 Nota gramatical
Regular -ir verb. Often used in ethical contexts regarding responsibility or premises.
Ejemplo
Todo ciudadano maduro debe asumir la responsabilidad de sus propias decisiones morales.
Every mature citizen must take on the responsibility of their own moral decisions.
coexistir
to coexist
📌 Nota gramatical
Regular -ir verb. Common in discussions about tolerance, diversity, and society.
Ejemplo
Diferentes corrientes de pensamiento pueden coexistir pacíficamente en una democracia pluralista.
Different currents of thought can coexist peacefully in a pluralistic democracy.
contradecir
to contradict
📌 Nota gramatical
Compound -ir verb following the pattern of decir (e->i stem change in present, irregular preterite: contradije).
Ejemplo
Sus acciones en la vida real parecen contradecir totalmente sus bellos discursos éticos.
His actions in real life seem to totally contradict his beautiful ethical speeches.
desafiar
to defy / to challenge
📌 Nota gramatical
Regular -ar verb with an written accent on the 'i' in certain forms (desafía), though standard conjugation applies.
Ejemplo
Los pensadores ilustrados supieron desafiar el dogmatismo religioso de su época.
Enlightenment thinkers knew how to defy the religious dogmatism of their era.
discernir
to discern / to distinguish
📌 Nota gramatical
Regular -ir verb. Used when separating right from wrong or abstract concepts.
Ejemplo
La madurez intelectual nos ayuda a discernir entre lo superficial y lo verdaderamente valioso.
Intellectual maturity helps us to discern between the superficial and the truly valuable.
interpretar
to interpret / to construe
📌 Nota gramatical
Regular -ar verb. Essential for discussing texts, actions, and subjective experiences.
Ejemplo
Cada lector puede interpretar de manera diferente los símbolos ocultos en esta obra filosófica.
Each reader can interpret the hidden symbols in this philosophical work in a different way.
justipreciar
to appraise / to evaluate fairly
📌 Nota gramatical
Regular -ar verb. Formal/literary register, used for giving fair value or critical assessment.
Ejemplo
Los críticos intentan justipreciar el impacto cultural de la teoría existencialista.
Critics attempt to fairly evaluate the cultural impact of existentialist theory.
postular
to postulate / to propose
📌 Nota gramatical
Regular -ar verb. Frequently used in academic, scientific, and philosophical theses.
Ejemplo
Muchos filósofos contemporáneos suelen postular que la conciencia es un misterio sin resolver.
Many contemporary philosophers often postulate that consciousness is an unsolved mystery.
reivindicar
to reclaim / to vindicate / to demand rights
📌 Nota gramatical
Regular -ar verb with orthographic spelling change in the preterite: c -> qu before 'é' (reivindiqué).
Ejemplo
Los movimientos sociales luchan por reivindicar los derechos de las minorías oprimidas.
Social movements fight to reclaim the rights of oppressed minorities.
subyacer
to underlie
📌 Nota gramatical
Compound -ir verb following the pattern of yacer (yo subyazgo in present, irregular present subjunctive subyazga).
Ejemplo
Un profundo sentimiento de culpa suele subyacer en las conductas excesivamente rígidas.
A deep sense of guilt usually underlies excessively rigid behaviors.
trascender
to transcend / to go beyond
📌 Nota gramatical
Regular -er verb (sometimes conjugated with e->ie stem change in traditional grammars, but standard reg -er is widely accepted and common).
Ejemplo
Las grandes obras de arte logran trascender las barreras del tiempo y del espacio.
Great works of art manage to transcend the barriers of time and space.
venerar
to venerate / to revere
📌 Nota gramatical
Regular -ar verb. Used in discussions concerning religious or ideological devotion.
Ejemplo
En algunas culturas antiguas solían venerar las fuerzas de la naturaleza como divinidades.
In some ancient cultures they used to revere the forces of nature as divinities.
rebatir
to refute / to rebut
📌 Nota gramatical
Regular -ir verb. Frequently used in debates, philosophical essays, and arguments.
Ejemplo
El filósofo logró rebatir los principales argumentos del empirismo tradicional.
The philosopher managed to refute the main arguments of traditional empiricism.
dilucidar
to elucidate / to clarify
📌 Nota gramatical
Regular -ar verb. Used for clearing up complex philosophical or ethical dilemmas.
Ejemplo
La comisión ética se reunió para dilucidar los límites de la investigación genética.
The ethics committee met to elucidate the limits of genetic research.
consensuar
to reach a consensus on / to agree upon
📌 Nota gramatical
Regular -ar verb. Essential in socio-political and ethical negotiation contexts.
Ejemplo
Es muy difícil consensuar un código ético universal en un mundo tan diverso.
It is very difficult to reach a consensus on a universal ethical code in such a diverse world.
condicionar
to condition / to determine
📌 Nota gramatical
Regular -ar verb. Often used regarding social environment or determinism.
Ejemplo
Muchos argumentan que el entorno social y económico llega a condicionar nuestra libertad.
Many argue that the social and economic environment ends up conditioning our freedom.
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