Subject Pronouns, être & avoir

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Used to indicate the speaker. When followed by a vowel or mute 'h', 'je' drops its 'e' and uses an apostrophe (j').

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Used for addressing friends, family, children, pets, and peers. Highly frequent in A1 informal conversation.

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'il' refers to masculine nouns or males; 'elle' refers to feminine nouns or females. 'on' is an indefinite pronoun meaning 'we', 'one', or 'people', taking singular verb endings.

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Used when the speaker is included in a group. Connects with the plural verb ending '-ons' for regular verbs.

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Used for polite address to a single stranger, elder, or authority figure, as well as for addressing two or more people (plural).

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'ils' is used for groups of males or mixed-gender groups. 'elles' is strictly reserved for groups composed exclusively of females.

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Irregular auxiliary and linking verb. Conjugation: je suis, tu es, il/elle/on est, nous sommes, vous êtes, ils/elles sont.

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Highly irregular verb used for possession, age, and as an auxiliary in compound tenses. Conjugation: j'ai, tu as, il/elle/on a, nous avons, vous avez, ils/elles ont.

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In plural subject pronouns (nous, vous, ils, elles) followed by 'être' or 'avoir' starting with a vowel, the final consonant is pronounced with the next word (e.g., /nuz-om/, /vuz-et/, /ilz-ot/).

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The verb 'être' is used with predicate adjectives indicating nationality, profession, or permanent characteristics (note: professions do not take articles after être).

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Unlike English (which uses 'to be'), French uses 'avoir' + noun for physical states like hunger, thirst, warmth, cold, and fear.

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To negate a sentence with 'être' or 'avoir', wrap the verb in 'ne' and 'pas' (n'... pas before vowels).