Connectors & Discourse Markers

📌 Nota grammaticale

Use 'invece di' or 'anziché' followed by an infinitive verb to express 'instead of doing something'. When the subject does not change, the infinitive is mandatory in Italian.

📌 Nota grammaticale

'Nonostante' and 'malgrado' mean 'despite' or 'in spite of'. When followed by a clause with a conjugated verb, they require the subjunctive mood (congiuntivo passato or presente depending on context).

📌 Nota grammaticale

'Dato che' and 'siccome' are causal conjunctions used to mean 'since' or 'as'. They usually appear at the very beginning of the clause to introduce a well-known or logical reason.

📌 Nota grammaticale

'Perciò' and 'pertanto' are formal connectors meaning 'therefore' or 'consequently'. They connect two independent clauses, showing that the second clause is a direct result of the first.

📌 Nota grammaticale

'Inoltre' is a discourse marker used to add an additional point, argument, or piece of information, equivalent to 'furthermore', 'moreover', or 'in addition' in English.

📌 Nota grammaticale

'Mentre' primarily means 'while' for simultaneous actions, but at a B1 level, it is also used to express contrast ('whereas' or 'whilst') between two different subjects or situations.

📌 Nota grammaticale

'Sebbene' and 'benché' are formal yet common B1 conjunctions meaning 'although' or 'even though'. Just like 'nonostante', they demand the subjunctive mood in the subordinate clause.

📌 Nota grammaticale

'Nel frattempo' and 'intanto' translate to 'meanwhile' or 'in the meantime'. They are used to describe an action occurring during the same time interval as another event.

📌 Nota grammaticale

Standalone 'invece' or 'al contrario' are used as discourse markers to indicate a shift to an opposite idea, preference, or fact compared to what was just stated.

📌 Nota grammaticale

'D'altra parte' (on the other hand) and 'd'altronde' (after all, besides) are used to introduce a counterbalancing argument or to justify a previous statement.

📌 Nota grammaticale

'Così' is a versatile marker used to mean 'so', 'thus', or 'in this way'. It connects an action to its direct manner or immediate resulting outcome.

📌 Nota grammaticale

At B1 level, structuring an opinion or presentation requires concluding markers like 'in conclusione' or 'per finire' to signal the wrap-up of an argument.