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Frases de exemplo
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Este, esta, estes, estas
This / These (Close to the speaker)
📌 Nota gramatical
Use 'este' (masculine singular), 'esta' (feminine singular), 'estes' (masculine plural), and 'estas' (feminine plural) to point out items, objects, or people that are physically close to the person speaking (here).
Exemplo
Esse, essa, esses, essas
That / Those (Close to the listener)
📌 Nota gramatical
Use 'esse' (masculine singular), 'essa' (feminine singular), 'esses' (masculine plural), and 'essas' (feminine plural) for items, objects, or people that are close to the person listening (there, near you).
Exemplo
Aquele, aquela, aqueles, aquelas
That / Those over there (Far from both speaker and listener)
📌 Nota gramatical
Use 'aquele' (masculine singular), 'aquela' (feminine singular), 'aqueles' (masculine plural), and 'aquelas' (feminine plural) for objects or people far away from both the speaker and the listener.
Exemplo
Isto, isso, aquilo (Neuter pronouns)
This / That / That over there (Abstract or unidentified things)
📌 Nota gramatical
Use 'isto' (close to speaker), 'isso' (close to listener), and 'aquilo' (far from both) when referring to an abstract idea, a situation, or an unknown/unidentified object. These forms have no plural and no feminine/masculine gender.
Exemplo
Agreement in gender and number
Demonstrative adjectives must match the noun
📌 Nota gramatical
When used as adjectives directly modifying a noun, demonstratives ('este', 'esse', 'aquele') must agree completely in gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) with the noun they accompany.
Exemplo
Contractions with prepositions: em + este
Neste, nesta, nestes, nestas (In this / On this)
📌 Nota gramatical
When the preposition 'em' (in/on) combines with 'este' forms, they contract: em + este = neste, em + esta = nesta, em + estes = nestes, em + estas = nestas.
Exemplo
Contractions with prepositions: em + esse
Nesse, nessa, nesses, nessas (In that / On that)
📌 Nota gramatical
The preposition 'em' combines with 'esse' forms to create contractions: em + esse = nesse, em + essa = nessa, em + esses = nesses, em + essas = nessas.
Exemplo
Contractions with prepositions: em + aquele
Naquele, naquela, naquelas, naqueles (In that / On that over there)
📌 Nota gramatical
The preposition 'em' combines with 'aquele' forms, taking a grave accent to show the crasis/contraction: em + aquele = naquele, em + aquela = naquela, em + aqueles = naquelas (masculine plural usually naqueles).
Exemplo
Contractions with prepositions: de + este
Deste, desta, destes, destas (Of this / From this)
📌 Nota gramatical
When the preposition 'de' (of/from) combines with 'este' forms, they contract: de + este = deste, de + esta = desta, de + estes = destes, de + estas = destas.
Exemplo
Contractions with prepositions: de + esse
Desse, dessa, desses, dessas (Of that / From that)
📌 Nota gramatical
The preposition 'de' combines with 'esse' forms to create contractions: de + esse = desse, de + essa = dessa, de + esses = desses, de + essas = dessas.
Exemplo
Contractions with prepositions: de + aquele
Daquele, daquela, daqueles, daquelas (Of that / From that over there)
📌 Nota gramatical
The preposition 'de' combines with 'aquele' forms to create contractions: de + aquele = daquele, de + aquela = daquela, de + aqueles = daqueles, de + aquelas = daquelas.
Exemplo
Contractions with neuter pronouns: de/em + isto, isso, aquilo
Disto, disso, daquilo / Nisto, nisso, naquilo
📌 Nota gramatical
Neuter pronouns ('isto', 'isso', 'aquilo') also contract with 'de' (disto, disso, daquilo) and 'em' (nisto, nisso, naquilo). They are extremely common in daily conversation.
Exemplo
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